Dangerous side effects of Pandemic
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Corona pandemic which has stayed in India now for more than a year and nobody knows for how many months it will stay more, the side effects of the Corona disease have come to the fore with more vigor and seriousness. Many countries especially from the third world and poor countries have been pushed in more dire straits with the increasing havoc of pandemic. The virus has contracted the world economy and many economies have collapsed including that of India. The inequalities on three interconnected fronts: Inequalities in access to and availability of vaccines, loss of livelihood and standards of living, with millions pushed back into poverty in low and middle-income countries (LMICs); and gender inequality across sectors have pounded the countries grappling with the virus. While vaccines have been produced at record speed, disparities in access to and distribution of vaccines have meant that vaccinations are potentially years away for many low-income countries. In India, people are queuing up for vaccine doses to return empty hands without inoculation. The Duke Global Health Institute’s assessment shows that wealthy countries had taken an early lead in striking purchase deals, in effect, cornering a lion’s share of available vaccine doses. As early as July 2020, the US and UK secured deals to inoculate ninety-three percent and one hundred and thirty-five percent of their populations. By August 2020, Japan and the EU had tied up to vaccinate 95 percent and 60 percent of their populations respectively. In this race, India is far behind which always claims to be a global superpower. So long as the virus lurks, economic recovery will be threatened by intermittent infection surges in LMICs. The World Bank estimates suggest that up to one fifty million people could be pushed into extreme poverty by 2021, with a significant number of the new poor in countries with already high poverty rates. The per capita income levels in low-income countries fell by three-point six percent in 2020, with output falling by 0.9 percent – the largest contraction in 30 years. Such losses in per capita incomes will lead to a reversal of the hard-fought gains in the living standards of the poor and widening the north-south divide. The job situation is more lethal with an equivalent of two hundred and fifty-five million full-time jobs were lost in last year. The pandemic and lockdowns led to a large reduction in revenues from critical sectors affecting output and causing massive job losses. Many of these jobs are lower on the skills hierarchy, whereas simultaneously positive job growth is already visible in high-skill service sectors such as ICT and finance, further manifesting existing job market inequalities. Research indicates less than 10 percent of urban jobs in developing countries can be performed remotely, with low-wage earners and the self-employed (comprising a large majority of employment in India) having limited opportunities to work from home. According to the IMF, commodity-dependent countries, tourism-based economies, and physical contact-intensive sectors will face difficult prospects going forward due to the slow normalization of cross-border travel and subdued prices’ outlook. MSMEs, which tend to have small inventories and operate on thin margins, were already badly affected during the first wave. Nearly 90 percent of all enterprises in Asia and Africa are MSMEs, and many rely on small supplier networks. Most businesses are also informal. But constraints on fiscal space and capacity to implement income support measures are a challenge in LMICs. The economic impacts of the pandemic have been widely felt but impacted certain groups more than others – low-income countries, contact-intensive sectors, manual jobs, and women. The rich countries have not affected much by pandemic. According to a survey, female-owned businesses were 5.9 percentage points more likely to have faced closure than male-owned ones during/post-Covid-19. Notably, women are more likely to be employed in low-paying, insecure, and informal jobs, even as the global gender pay gap remains persistently high at nearly twenty percent. Global recovery will require a collaborative international effort. The Covax initiative needs an estimated minimum of $2 billion in additional funding to lock in some doses till early 2022. According to IMF research, $50 billion worth of investments towards vaccinating the world by early 2022 can yield economic returns worth $9 trillion by 2025. But as of now, the world is far away from achieving this level of funding. India, already grappling with severe Corona second surge and economic recession will have most severely affected by pandemic and the government should seriously think to overcome the potential disaster.